Tank cars are just like any other (NA outline) freight car. They are sized to hold a volume of lading weighing 110 tons (in the current GRL era) while minimizing the tare weight of the car itself. Higher density ladings like cement, sand, iron ore, and sulfuric acid utilize smaller volume cars, lower density ladings like plastic pellets, auto parts stampings, cars, or LP gas utilize larger volume cars.
There will almost always be some level of wasted utilization, at least for generic cars that handle a wide variety of ladings. Cars will be designed with some flexibility of use in mind. But the goal is always to maximize the use of any given car, to the highest degree possible.
The other anomaly will be second hand cars utilized for something other than their original purpose. A lot of these cars will be older lower GRL cars that have been supplanted by newer high GRL cars, but still have service time left. Things like 4750/4650 cu. ft. covered hoppers for grain that were as common as dirt in class 1 service 25 or 30 years ago are now largely owned by second hand private owners or lessors, hauling lots of things besides grain. Another example are fairly modern aluminum coal hoppers hauling stone instead of coal because the US energy industry has largely moved to natural gas and renewables. Many of these cars are only ten or fifteen years old. Anyway, none of these types of cars are being fully loaded to their original design intents.
Besides all that, I just like to think about the idea of 29,400 US gallons of liquid chocolate
. I know that's not what's in those tank cars, but one can dream!
Jim